Introduction

Africa's mobile networks have reached more people than ever, yet widespread internet use and high-quality service remain out of reach for many. A new GSMA report identifies the cost of radio spectrum—the invisible airwaves that carry calls and data—as a central bottleneck holding back progress.

What Happened

According to the report, African mobile operators pay 0.82% of revenue per 100 MHz of spectrum, compared with 0.66% globally. Meanwhile, they hold an average of 570 MHz below 7 GHz, roughly 24% less than the global peer average of 750 MHz. Only nine African countries routinely grant 20-year licences, while Europe, North America, and developed Asian markets standardise 20-year or indefinite terms. These disparities limit operators' capacity to expand capacity or upgrade quality.

Why This Matters

Lower fees could free capital for network expansion, but cheaper access alone doesn't guarantee better connectivity. Regulators face the crucial test of tying more affordable spectrum to measurable improvements in network quality and internet adoption, especially in underserved communities where initial returns remain low.

  • Revenue impact: Spectrum costs consume a larger share of operator earnings in Africa.
  • Capacity gap: African networks hold significantly less spectrum than global counterparts.
  • Licence structure: Short or inconsistent licence terms discourage long-term investment.

Key Takeaways

High spectrum pricing is a central bottleneck for Africa's telecom growth. Without policy reforms that connect cheaper access to real-world quality gains, the continent risks widening the digital divide rather than closing it.

Conclusion

Spectrum policy reform must go beyond simple cost cuts. For Africa's telecom sector to truly flourish, regulation must pair affordable spectrum with enforceable quality targets, ensuring that every dollar invested translates into better connectivity for the people who need it most.